Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water from Households of Sarvodaya Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water
Abstract
Background: In the current scenario, the urbanization is happening at a faster pace and the economy is not able to match at par with urbanization, this In turn is causing problems of unavailability of safe and potable water along with proper sewage system, despecially in urban slums. As a result of the scenario many urban slums are still using poor quality pit latrines and even drawing water from nearby wells, water taps which are not complying with government norms. Space is also a big problem which is being faced by these slums, due to which there is a lack of enough spaces in the houses and nearby areas, therby causing overcrowding. Due to overcrowding, the space between houses, pit latrines, wells, taps and water bodies has decreased and thus the potential of contamination of water bodies by fecal microorganisms has increased drastically. Given the above knowledge, a study is much needed to estimate the presumptive and differential coliform count of water samples from the urban slum area in Lucknow. Subjects & Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period of January to June 2019. Samples were collected from all the taps, hand pumps that were currently in use, along with potable water stored in households of Sarvodaya Nagar (an urban slum area), Lucknow and were processed in the Microbiology department of IIMS&R, Lucknow. Results: A total of 53(63%) samples were taken from Public supply, out of which 36(67. 9%) were found unsatisfactory and 17(32.0%) were intermediate, were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas sp., E.coli, Thermotolerent E.coli, Klebsiella Spp. Citrobacter, Enterococcus and Pseudornonas Spp., E.coli, Thermotolerent E.coli, Klebsiella respectively. In the study more than half of the samples were taken from the Public water supply. Out of these about seventy percent were unsatisfactory and were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas. Conclusion: The proper sanitation, regular treatment, supervision of water sources, arid regular bacteriological assessment of all water sources for drinking should be planned and conducted.
Downloads
References
Omarova A, Tussupova K, Hjorth P, Kalishev M, Dosmagam- betova R. Water Supply Challenges in Rural Areas: A Case Study from Central Kazakhstan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5):688. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050688.
United Nations Human Settlements Programme. In: Prosperity of cities; 2013. p. 2012–2025.
Murthy SL. Land security and the challenges of realizing the human right to water and sanitation in the slums of Mumbai, India. Health Hum Rights. 2012;14(2):61–73.
Ernst KC, Phillips BS, Duncan BD. Slums Are Not Places for Children to Live Vulnerabilities, Health Outcomes, and Possible Interventions. Adv Pediatr. 2013;60(1):53–87. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2013.04.005.
Nolan LB, Bloom DE, Subbaraman R. Legal Status and Deprivation in Urban Slums over Two Decades. Econ Polit Wkly. 2018;53(15):47–55. Available from: http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/KI_SLUM_report69round_24dec13.pdf.
Mudege NN, Zulu EM. Discourses of illegality and exclusion: When water access matters. Global Public Health. 2011;6(3):221–233. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2010.487494.
Rashid SF. Strategies to reduce exclusion among populations living in urban slum settlements in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27(4):574–586. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v27i4.3403.
Kimani-Murage EW, Ngindu AM. Quality of Water the Slum Dwellers Use: The Case of a Kenyan Slum. J Urban Health. 2007;84(6):829–38. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-007-9199-x.
Kumar GS, Kar SS, Jain A. Health and environmental sanitation in India: Issues for prioritizing control strategies. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2011;15(3):93–96. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.93196.
Anand P, Kunnumakara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, et al. Cancer is a Preventable Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes. Pharm Res. 2008;25(9):2097–2116. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9.
Haque R. Human Intestinal Parasites. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25(4):387–391.
Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, de Melo E, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM. The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2018;5(1):29–43. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049936117744429.
Thakur M, Negi S, Kumar A, Patil S, Kumar A, Sharma N. Prevalence and characterization of water contamination indicator bacteria with special reference to coliforms from drinking water supply in Solan city of Himachal Pradesh. Biol Forum Int J. 2012;4(1):85–94.
Malathy BR, Sajeev SK, Thampy S, Guruvayurappan K, P SA. Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water by MPN Method from Chennai, India. Int J Environ Sci. 2017;11(7):57–64.
Bartram J. Heterotropic plate counts and drinking-water safety; the significance of HPCs for water quality and human health. WHO Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease Series. 2003;.
Hardalo C, Edberg SC. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Assessment of Risk from Drinking Water. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1997;23(1):47–75. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408419709115130.
Tambe PV, Daswani PG, Mistry NF, Ghadge AA, Antia NH. A community- based bacteriological study of quality of drinking- water and its feedback to a rural community in Western Maharashtra. J Health Popul Nutr. 2008;26(2):139–150.
Singh AK, Gupta VK, Sharma B, Singla B, Kaur P, Walia G. What are we drinking? Assessment of water quality in an urban city of Punjab. J Family Med Prim Care. 2015;4:514–518. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.174267.
Chauhan A, Goyal P, Varma A, Jindal T. Microbiological evaluation of drinking water sold by roadside vendors of Delhi, India. Appl Water Sci. 2017;7(4):1635–1644. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0315-x.
Malhotra S, Sidhu SK, Devi P. Assessment of bacteriological quality of drinking water from various sources in Amritsar district of northern India. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(08):844– 848. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6010.
Ngwa NR, Chrysanthus N. Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water Sources in the Bambui Student Residential Area. J Water Resource Prot. 2013;05(11):1013–1017. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2013.511106.
Copyright (c) 2020 Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.